hydroelectric power comes in which types of energy resource ? explain about that energy resource . locate five major dams of india on india's map and five information about them

Hydroelectricity

Hydroelectricity is the term referring to electricity generated by hydropower; the production of electrical power through the use of the gravitational force of falling or flowing water. It is the most widely used form of renewable energy, accounting for 16 percent of global electricity generation – 3,427 terawatt-hours of electricity production in 2010,^[1] and is expected to increase about 3.1% each year for the next 25 years.

Hydropower is produced in 150 countries, with the Asia-Pacific region generating 32 percent of global hydropower in 2010. China is the largest hydroelectricity producer, with 721 terawatt-hours of production in 2010, representing around 17 percent of domestic electricity use. There are now three hydroelectricity plants larger than 10 GW: the Three Gorges Damin China, Itaipu Dam across the Brazil/Paraguay border, and Guri Dam in Venezuela.^[1]

The cost of hydroelectricity is relatively low, making it a competitive source of renewable electricity. The average cost of electricity from a hydro plant larger than 10 megawatts is 3 to 5 U.S. cents per kilowatt-hour.^[1] Hydro is also a flexible source of electricity since plants can be ramped up and down very quickly to adapt to changing energy demands. However, damming interrupts the flow of rivers and can harm local ecosystems, and building large dams and reservoirs often involves displacing people and wildlife.^[1] Once a hydroelectric complex is constructed, the project produces no direct waste, and has a considerably lower output level of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide (CO₂) than fossil fuel powered energy plants.^[2]

Bhakra Dam
The Bhakra Dam
Bhakra Dam near Nangal, Punjab border.
Official name	Bhakra Dam
Location	Nangal, Bilaspur
Coordinates	31°24′39″N 76°26′0″ECoordinates:  31°24′39″N 76°26′0″E
Construction began	1948
Opening date	1963
Construction cost	245.28 crore INR in 1963
Dam and spillways
Type of dam	Concrete gravity
Height	741 ft (226 m)
Length	1,700 ft (520 m)
Crest width	30 ft (9.1 m)
Base width	625 ft (191 m)
Impounds	Sutlej River
Type of spillway	Controlled, overflow
Reservoir
Creates	Gobindsagar Reservoir
Capacity	9.340 km3
Surface area	168.35 km2
Power station
Commission date	1960-1968
Turbines	5 x 108 MW, 5 x 157 MWFrancis-type
Installed capacity	1325 MW
Bridge
Width	30 feet

Bhakra Dam is a concrete gravity dam across the Sutlej River, and is near the border between Punjab and Himachal Pradesh in northern India.

The dam, located at a gorge near the (now submerged) upstream Bhakra village in Bilaspur district of Himachal Pradesh, is India's second tallest at 225.55 m (740 ft) high next to the 261m Tehri Dam.^[1] The length of the dam (measured from the road above it) is 518.25 m; it is 9.1 m broad. Its reservoir, known as the "Gobind Sagar", stores up to 9.34 billion cubic meters of water, enough to drain the whole of Chandigarh, parts of Haryana, Punjab and Delhi. The 90 km long reservoir created by the Bhakra Dam is spread over an area of 168.35 km². In terms of storage of water, it withholds the second largest reservoirin India, the first being Indira Sagar Dam in Madhya Pradesh with capacity of 12.22 billion cu m.

Described as 'New Temple of Resurgent India' by Jawaharlal Nehru,^[2] the first prime minister of India, the dam attracts tourists from all over India.

Nangal dam is another dam downstream of Bhakra dam. Sometimes both the dams together are called Bhakra-Nangal dam though they are two separate dams

Irrigation

The dam was constructed with an aim to provide irrigation to Punjab and Himachal Pradesh. Another reason behind the construction of the dam was to prevent damage due to monsoon floods. The dam provides irrigation to 10 million acres (40,000 km²) of fields in Punjab,Himachal Pradesh, Haryana, and Rajasthan. It also has four flood gates to control floods.

[edit]Electricity generation

Bhakra and Nangal dams house hydroelectric power generators, which are situated on both the sides of the dams. Nangal hydel Channel and Anandpur Sahib Channel are used for power generation and irrigation purposes.

Each power plant consists of five turbines. Two power houses with a total capacity of 1325 MW flank the dam, on either side of the river. The left power house contains 5 x 108 MW Francis turbines while the right 5 x 157 MW.^[5]

Now, on 30th October 2013, Bhakra Nangal Dam is celebrating 50 years of its construction. The celebrations are high right now in Nangal Dam.

The power generated at Bhakra Power houses is distributed among partner states of Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan, Gujarat and Himachal Pradesh.

[edit]Tourist destination and attraction

Being the Second highest dam in India, it attracts a large number of tourists who visit its reservoir and attractive location. The distance between the Ganguwal and Bhakra Dam is about 30–35 km.

Hirakud Dam
Floodgates of Hirakud Dam
Official name	Hirakud Dam
Location	15 km from Sambalpur, Odisha
Coordinates	21.57°N 83.87°ECoordinates:  21.57°N 83.87°E
Construction began	1948
Opening date	1957
Construction cost	101 Crore Rs in 1957
Dam and spillways
Type of dam	Composite Dam and Reservoir
Height	60.96 m (200 ft)
Length	4.8 km (3 mi) (main section) 25.8 km (16 mi) (entire dam)
Impounds	Mahanadi
Spillways	64 sluice-gates
Spillway capacity	42,450 cubic metres per second (1,499,000 cu ft/s)
Reservoir
Capacity	5,896,000,000 m3(4,779,965 acre·ft)
Catchment area	83,400 km2(32,201 sq mi)
Power station
Turbines	Power House I (Burla): 3 x 37.5 MW, 2 x 24 MWKaplan-type Power House II (Chiplima): 3 x 24 MW[1]
Installed capacity	307.5 MW[1]

Hirakud Dam

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Hirakud Dam (Oriya: ହୀରାକୁଦ ବନ୍ଧ) is built across the Mahanadi River, about 15 km fromSambalpur in the state of Odisha in India. Behind the dam extends a lake, Hirakud Reservoir, 55 km long. Hirakud Dam, built in 1957, is the longest man-made dam in the world, about 16 mi (26 km) in length. It is one of the first major multipurpose river valley projects started after India's independence.

Krishna Raja Sagara
Location	Mandya District, Karnataka,India
Coordinates	12°24′58″N 76°34′26″E
Opening date	1932
Dam and spillways
Height	125 feet
Length	3.5km
Impounds	Kaveri River
Reservoir
Creates	Krishna Raja Sagara
Capacity: 49 billion ft³ (1.4 km³)

Krishna Raja Sagara, also popularly known as KRS, is the name of both a lake and thedam that creates it. It is located close to the settlement of Krishnarajasagara. The dam is across Kaveri River, in Mandya District near Mysore in Karnataka state, India. There is an ornamental garden attached to the dam, called Brindavan Gardens.^[1]

Dam [edit]

A Fountain in the Brindavan Gardens

The dam was built across river Kaveri, the life giving river for the Mysore and Mandyadistricts, in 1924.^[2] Apart from being the main source of water for irrigation in the most fertile Mysore and Mandya, the reservoir is the main source of drinking water for all ofMysore city and almost the whole of Bangalore city, the capital of the state of Karnataka. The water released from this dam is further used as an important source of water in the state of Tamil Nadu, which has its own Mettur dam in the Salem district. Sir. Mokshagundam Visvesvarayya served as the chief engineer during the construction of this dam. The dam is named for the then ruler of the Mysore Kingdom, Krishnaraja Wodeyar 

Nagarjuna Sagar Dam
Nagarjuna Sagar Damనాగార్జునసాగర్ ఆనకట్ట
Location of Nagarjuna Sagar Dam
Official name	నాగార్జునసాగర్ ఆనకట్ట Nagarjuna Sagar Dam
Location	Nalgonda district,Andhra Pradesh, India
Coordinates	16°34′32″N 79°18′42″ECoordinates:  16°34′32″N 79°18′42″E
Construction began	10 December 1955
Opening date	1960
Construction cost	1300 crore rupees
Dam and spillways
Height	124 metres (407 ft) from river level
Length	1,450 metres (4,757 ft)
Impounds	Krishna River
Reservoir
Creates	Nagarjuna Sagar Reservoir
Capacity	11,560,000,000 m3(9,371,845 acre·ft)
Active capacity	5,440,000,000 m3(4,410,280 acre·ft)[1]
Catchment area	215000 km² (83012 sq mi)
Surface area	285 km2 (110 sq mi)
Power station
Commission date	1978-1985
Turbines	1 x 110 MW Francis turbines, 7 x 100.8 MW reversible Francis turbines
Installed capacity	816 MW

Nagarjuna Sagar Dam (Telugu: నాగార్జునసాగర్ ఆనకట్ట) is the world's largest stone masonry dam at the time of its construction, which is built across Krishna River atNagarjuna Sagar in Nalgonda district of Andhra Pradesh, India. The construction duration of the dam was between the years of 1955 and 1967. The dam created a water reservoir whose capacity is 11,472 million cubic metres. The dam is 490 ft (150 m). tall and 1.6 km long with 26 gates which are 42 ft (13 m). wide and 45 ft (14 m). tall.^[2] Nagarjuna Sagar was the earliest in the series of large infrastructure projects initiated for the Green Revolution in India; it also is one of the earliest multi-purpose irrigation and hydro-electric projects in India. The dam provides irrigation water to the Nalgonda District, Prakasam District, Khammam District, Krishna District and Guntur District and electric power to the national grid.

Baglihar Dam
Location of Baglihar Dam
Country	India
Location	Jammu and Kashmir
Coordinates	33°09′43″N 75°19′40″ECoordinates:  33°09′43″N 75°19′40″E
Construction began	1999
Opening date	2008
Dam and spillways
Type of dam	Gravity
Height	144 m (472 ft)
Length	317 m (1,040 ft)
Volume	1,800,000 m3(63,566,400 cu ft)
Crest elevation	844.5 m (2,771 ft)
Spillway capacity	16,500 m3/s (582,692 cu ft/s)[1]
Reservoir
Active capacity	15,000,000 m3(12,161 acre·ft)[2]
Inactive capacity	37,000,000 m3(29,996 acre·ft)[3]
Power station
Commission date	Stage I: 2005 Stage II: 2008
Hydraulic head	130 m (427 ft) (gross)
Turbines	Stage I: 3 x 150 MWFrancis-type Stage II: 3 x 150 MW Francis-type
Installed capacity	Stage I: 450 MW Stage II: 450 MW Total: 900 MW

Baglihar Dam (Hindi: बगलिहार बाँध Baglihār Bāndh), also known as Baglihar Hydroelectric Power Project, is a run-of-the-river power project on the Chenab River in the southern Dodadistrict of the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir. This project was conceived in 1992, approved in 1996 and construction began in 1999. The project is estimated to cost USD$1 billion. The first phase of the Baglihar Dam was completed in 2004. With the second phase completed on 10 October 2008, Prime Minister Manmohan Singh of India dedicated the 900-MW Baglihar hydroelectric power project to the nation.^[3][4]

TSUNAMI (ENGLISH AND HINDI)

What is a tsunami?

A tsunami is a series of ocean waves with very long wavelengths (typically hundreds of kilometres) caused by large-scale disturbances of the ocean, such as:
• earthquakes
• landslide
• volcanic eruptions
• explosions
• meteorites
These disturbances can either be from below (e.g. underwater earthquakes with large vertical displacements, submarine landslides) or from above (e.g. meteorite impacts).
Tsunami is a Japanese word with the English translation: "harbour wave". In the past, tsunamis have been referred to as "tidal waves" or "seismic sea waves". The term "tidal wave" is misleading; even though a tsunami's impact upon a coastline is dependent upon the tidal level at the time a tsunami strikes, tsunamis are unrelated to the tides. (Tides result from the gravitational influences of the moon, sun, and planets.) The term "seismic sea wave" is also misleading. "Seismic" implies an earthquake-related generation mechanism, but a tsunami can also be caused by a non-seismic event, such as a landslide or meteorite impact.
Tsunamis are also often confused with storm surges, even though they are quite different phenomena. A storm surge is a rapid rise in coastal sea-level caused by a significant meteorological event - these are often associated with tropical cyclones.
The physics of a tsunami
Tsunamis can have wavelengths ranging from 10 to 500 km and wave periods of up to an hour. As a result of their long wavelengths, tsunamis act as shallow-water waves. A wave becomes a shallow-water wave when the wavelength is very large compared to the water depth. Shallow-water waves move at a speed, c, that is dependent upon the water depth and is given by the formula:

where g is the acceleration due to gravity (= 9.8 m/s2) and H is the depth of water.
In the deep ocean, the typical water depth is around 4000 m, so a tsunami will therefore travel at around 200 m/s, or more than 700 km/h.
For tsunamis that are generated by underwater earthquakes, the amplitude (i.e wave height) of the tsunami is determined by the amount by which the sea-floor is displaced. Similarly, the wavelength and period of the tsunami are determined by the size and shape of the underwater disturbance.
As well as travelling at high speeds, tsunamis can also travel large distances with limited energy losses. As the tsunami propagates across the ocean, the wave crests can undergo refraction (bending), which is caused by segments of the wave moving at different speeds as the water depth along the wave crest varies.
What happens to a tsunami as it approaches land?
As a tsunami leaves the deep water of the open-ocean and travels into the shallower water near the coast, it transforms. If you read the "The physics of a tsunami" section, you will know that a tsunami travels at a speed that is related to the water depth - hence, as the water depth decreases, the tsunami slows. The tsunami's energy flux, which is dependent on both its wave speed and wave height, remains nearly constant. Consequently, as the tsunami's speed diminishes, its height grows. This is called shoaling. Because of this shoaling effect, a tsunami that is unnoticeable at sea, may grow to be several metres or more in height near the coast.
The increase of the tsunami's waveheight as it enters shallow water is given by:

where hs and hd are waveheights in shallow and deep water and Hs and Hd are the depths of the shallow and deep water. So a tsunami with a height of 1 m in the open ocean where the water depth is 4000m would have a waveheight of 4 to 5 m in water of depth 10 m.
Just like other water waves, tsunamis begin to lose energy as they rush onshore - part of the wave energy is reflected offshore, while the shoreward-propagating wave energy is dissipated through bottom friction and turbulence. Despite these losses, tsunamis still reach the coast with tremendous amounts of energy. Depending on whether the first part of the tsunami to reach the shore is a crest or a trough, it may appear as a rapidly rising or falling tide. Local bathymetry may also cause the tsunami to appear as a series of breaking waves.
Tsunamis have great erosion potential, stripping beaches of sand that may have taken years to accumulate and undermining trees and other coastal vegetation. Capable of inundating, or flooding, hundreds of metres inland past the typical high-water level, the fast-moving water associated with the inundating tsunami can crush homes and other coastal structures. Tsunamis may reach a maximum vertical height onshore above sea level, often called a run-up height, of tens of metres.
How are tsunamis measured or observed?
In the deep ocean, a tsunami has a small amplitude (less than 1 metre) but very long wavelength (hundreds of kilometres). This means that the slope, or steepness of the wave is very small, so it is practically undetectable to the human eye. However, there are ocean observing instruments that are able to detect tsunamis.
Tide Gauges
Tide gauges measure the height of the sea-surface and are primarily used for measuring tide levels. Most of the tide gauges operated by the Bureau of Meteorology's National Tidal Centre are SEAFRAME stations (Sea Level Fine Resolution Acoustic Measuring Equipment). These consist of an acoustic sensor connected to a vertical tube open at the lower end which is in the water. The acoustic sensor emits a sound pulse which travels from the top of the tube down to the water surface, and is then reflected back up the tube. The distance to the water level can then be calculated using the travel time of the pulse. This system filters out small-scale effects like wind-waves and has the capacity to measure sea-level changes within 1mm accuracy.
The tide gauge at Cocos Island observed the tsunami on December 26th 2004 as it passed by the island, as shown in these observations made during December.

Satellites
Satellite altimeters measure the height of the ocean surface directly by the use of electro-magnetic pulses. These are sent down to the ocean surface from the satellite and the height of the ocean surface can be determined by knowing the speed of the pulse, the location of the satellite and measuring the time that the pulse takes to return to the satellite. One problem with this kind of satellite data is that it can be very sparse - some satellites only pass over a particular location about once a month, so you would be lucky to spot a tsunami since they travel so quickly. However, during the Indian Ocean tsunami of December 26th 2004, the Jason satellite altimeter happened to be in the right place at the right time.
The picture below shows the height of the sea surface (in blue) measured by the Jason satellite two hours after the initial earthquake hit the region southeast of Sumatra (shown in red) on December 26, 2004. The data were taken by a radar altimeter on board the satellite along a track traversing the Indian Ocean when the tsunami waves had just filled the entire Bay of Bengal. The data shown are the differences in sea surface height from previous observations made along the same track 20-30 days before the earthquake, showing the signals of the tsunami.

Picture courtesy of NASA/JPL-Caltech
The DART System
In 1995 the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) began developing the Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis (DART) system. An array of stations is currently deployed in the Pacific Ocean. These stations give detailed information about tsunamis while they are still far off shore. Each station consists of a sea-bed bottom pressure recorder which detects the passage of a tsunami. (The pressure of the water column is related to the height of the sea-surface) . The data is then transmitted to a surface buoy via sonar. The surface buoy then radios the information to the Pacific Tsunami Warning Center (PTWC) via satellite. The bottom pressure recorder lasts for two years while the surface buoy is replaced every year. The system has considerably improved the forecasting and warning of tsunamis in the Pacific.
The Indian Ocean tsunami of 26th December 2004
An undersea earthquake in the Indian Ocean on 26th December 2004 produced a tsunami that caused one of the biggest natural disasters in modern history. Over 200,000 people are known to have lost their lives.

The waves devastated the shores of parts of Indonesia, Sri Lanka, India, Thailand and other countries with waves reported up to 15 m high, reaching as far as Somalia on the east coast of Africa, 4500 km west of the epicentre. Refraction and diffraction of the waves meant that the impact of the tsunami was noticed around the world and sea-level monitoring stations in places such as Brazil and Queensland also felt the effect of the tsunami.
This animation (10.4Mb) was produced by scientists in the Bureau of Meteorology's National Tidal Centre. A numerical model was used to replicate the generation and propagation of the tsunami and it shows how the waves propagated around the world's ocean basins.
The earthquake took place at about 1am UTC (8am local time) in the Indian Ocean off the western coast of northern Sumatra. With a magnitude of 9.0 on the Richter scale, it was the largest since the 1964 earthquake off Alaska and equal fourth largest since 1900, when accurate global seismographic record-keeping began.
The epicentre of the earthquake was located about 250 km south-southeast of the Indonesian city of Banda Aceh. It was a rare megathrust earthquake and occurred on the interface of the India and Burma tectonic plates. This was caused by the release of stresses that develop as the India plate subducts beneath the overriding Burma plate. A megathrust earthquake is where one tectonic plate slips beneath another, causing vertical motion of the plates. This large vertical displacement of the sea-floor generated the devastating tsunami, which caused damage over such a large area around the Indian Ocean.
The earthquake was also unusually large in geographical extent. An estimated 1200 km of faultline slipped about 15 m along the subduction zone over a period of several minutes. Because the 1,200 km of faultline affected by the quake was in a nearly north-south orientation, the greatest strength of the waves was in an east-west direction. Bangladesh, which lies at the northern end of the Bay of Bengal, had very few casualties despite being a populous low-lying country.
Due to the distances involved, the tsunami took anywhere from fifteen minutes to seven hours (for Somalia) to reach the various coastlines. (See this travel time map). The northern regions of the Indonesian island of Sumatra were hit very quickly, while Sri Lanka and the east coast of India were hit roughly two hours later. Thailand was also struck about two hours later, despite being closer to the epicentre, because the tsunami travelled more slowly in the shallow Andaman Sea off its western coast.
On its arrival on shore, the height of the tsunami varied greatly, depending on its distance and direction from the epicentre and other factors such as the local bathymetry. Reports have the height ranging form 2-3 m at the African coast (Kenya) up to 10-15 m at Sumatra, the region closest to the epicentre.


Warnings and predictions
See also: Tsunami warning system


Tsunami warning sign
Drawbacks can serve as a brief warning. People who observe drawback (many survivors report an accompanying sucking sound), can survive only if they immediately run for high ground or seek the upper floors of nearby buildings. In 2004, ten-year old Tilly Smith of Surrey, England, was onMaikhao beach in Phuket, Thailand with her parents and sister, and having learned about tsunamis recently in school, told her family that a tsunami might be imminent. Her parents warned others minutes before the wave arrived, saving dozens of lives. She credited her geography teacher, Andrew Kearney.
In the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami drawback was not reported on the African coast or any other east-facing coasts that it reached. This was because the wave moved downwards on the eastern side of the fault line and upwards on the western side. The western pulse hit coastal Africa and other western areas.
A tsunami cannot be precisely predicted, even if the magnitude and location of an earthquake is known. Geologists, oceanographers, and seismologists analyse each earthquake and based on many factors may or may not issue a tsunami warning. However, there are some warning signs of an impending tsunami, and automated systems can provide warnings immediately after an earthquake in time to save lives. One of the most successful systems uses bottom pressure sensors, attached to buoys, which constantly monitor the pressure of the overlying water column.
Regions with a high tsunami risk typically use tsunami warning systems to warn the population before the wave reaches land. On the west coast of the United States, which is prone to Pacific Ocean tsunami, warning signs indicate evacuation routes. In Japan, the community is well-educated about earthquakes and tsunamis, and along the Japanese shorelines the tsunami warning signs are reminders of the natural hazards together with a network of warning sirens, typically at the top of the cliff of surroundings hills.[30]
The Pacific Tsunami Warning System is based in Honolulu, Hawaiʻi. It monitors Pacific Ocean seismic activity. A sufficiently large earthquake magnitude and other information triggers a tsunami warning. While the subduction zones around the Pacific are seismically active, not all earthquakes generate tsunami. Computers assist in analysing the tsunami risk of every earthquake that occurs in the Pacific Ocean and the adjoining land masses.














सुनामी


सुनामी चेतावनी
सुनामी आने से पहले
सुनामी के दौरान
सुनामी आने के बाद


न्यूजीलैंड का पूरा समुद्री तट सुनामी के खतरे में है। सुनामी समुद्री किनारों पर तीव्रता से बाढ़ ला सकती है, जिसके कारण सम्प त्ति का विनाशकारी नुकसान, चोटें और जनहानि हो सकती है।

सुनामी लहरों की श्रृंखला से मिलकर बनी एक प्राकृतिक घटना है जो तब उत्पिन्नी होती हैं जब समुद्र या झील में जल की व्याकपक मात्रा तेजी से विस्थाीपित होती है। सुनामी विशाल पनडुब्बी या तटीय भूकंप, पानी के नीचे भूस्खसलन जो भूकम्पल या ज्वाालामुखीय गतिविधि के कारण भी हो सकता है, बड़ी तटीय चट्टान या झील के किनारे के भूस्खंलन, या समुद्र की तलहटी के नीचे या इसके समीप ज्वा‍लामुखीय उदगार आदि के द्वारा भी उत्पोन्नय हो सकती हैं।

सुनामी के तीन प्रकार
सुनामी तीन प्रकार की होती हैं। आप किस प्रकार की सुनामी का सामना करेंगे, यह सुनामी उत्प न्न  होने वाले स्थामन से आप की दूरी पर निर्भर करता है।
• दूरस्था सुनामी दूर लम्बेक रास्ते  में उत्प न्नु होती है, जैसे कि चिली में प्रशांत के उस पार से। ऐसी अवस्था में हमारे पास न्यूसजीलैंड के लिए चेतावनी का तीन घंटे से अधिक समय होगा।
• क्षेत्रीय सुनामी अपने गंतव्यह से दूर एक से तीन घंटे की यात्रा समय के बीच उत्प न्न, होती हैं। न्यू जीलैंड के उत्तर करमाडे‍क गर्त में पानी के नीचे ज्वा लामुखी उदगार क्षेत्रीय सुनामी उत्पीन्नर कर सकता है।
• स्थानीय सुनामी न्यूजीलैंड के बहुत ही करीब उत्पन्न होती हैं। इस प्रकार की सुनामी बहुत खतरनाक है क्योंीकि हमारे पास चेतावनी के केवल कुछ मिनट ही हो सकते हैं।
सुनामी चेतावनी
सम्भाीवित सुनामी के बारे में चेतावनी संदेश और संकेत अनेक स्रोतों से आ सकते हैं - प्राकृतिक, आधिकारिक या गैरआधिकारिक।

प्राकृतिक चेतावनी
स्थानीय स्रोत आधारित सुनामी के लिए, जो मिनटों में पहुंच सकती है, आधिकरिक चेतावनी के लिए समय नहीं होगा। ऐसे में प्राकृतिक चेतावनी के संकेतों को पहचानना और जल्दीे से कार्य करना महत्वचपूर्ण है।
अधिक जानकारी के लिए दायीं ओर के पैनल को देखें
आधिकारिक चेतावनी
आधिकारिक चेतावनियां केवल दूर की और क्षेत्रीय स्रोत आधारित सुनामी के लिए ही संभव हैं। सरकारी चेतावनियां नागरिक प्रतिरक्षा एवं आपदा प्रबंधन मंत्रालय द्वारा राष्ट्री य मीडिया, स्थालनीय प्राधिकारियों एवं अन्यप प्रमुख जिम्मेेदार एजेंसियों को प्रसारित की जाती हैं। आपकी स्थानीय काउंसिल स्थाानीय मीडिया, साइरन और संभवत: अन्यक स्थाएनीय व्य वस्थाेओं के द्वारा भी चेतावनियों को जारी कर सकती है।
गैरआधिकारिक या अनौपचारिक चेतावनी
आप दोस्तों, अन्या सामान्य  जनों, अंतर्राष्ट्री य मीडिया और इंटरनेट से चेतावनियों को प्राप्त  कर सकते हैं। चेतावनी को तभी सत्या।पित करें यदि आप बहुत जल्दी  से ऐसा कर सकें। यदि आधिकारिक चेतावनी मिल सके, तो अनौपचारिक चेता‍वनियों के बजाय उस पर ज्यापदा भरोसा करें।
सुनामी आने से पहले
सुनामी के आने से पहले की तैयारी आपके घर और कारोबार के नुकसान को कम करने में और आपको जीवित रहने में मदद करेगी।
• यदि आप एक तटीय क्षेत्र में रहते हैं, तो अपने सुनामी के जोखिम और स्थाआनीय चेतावनी व्यदवस्थाबओं के बारे में अपनी काउंसिल से जानकारी लें।
• यदि आप विकलांग या विशिष्टं आवश्यबकताओं वाले व्य क्ति हैं, तो अपने आपको किसी चेतावनी व आपातकालीन प्रसारणों के बारे में सतर्क रखने के लिए अपने सहयोगी नेटवर्क में व्य वस्था  करें।
• घरेलू आपातकालीन योजना बनाएं और गेटअवे किट तैयार रखें।
• पता करें कि नजदीक में कहां पर जमीन ऊंची है और आप वहां कैसे पहुंच पाएंगे। आप जितना कर सकें उतना ऊंचाई पर या तट से दूर आंतरिक क्षेत्र में पहुंचने की योजना बनाएं। जब आप घर पर हो, या आप काम पर हों या तट के निकट छुट्टियां मना रहें हो तो इन सब हालात के लिए अपने बचाव मार्ग की योजना बनाएं।
सुनामी के दौरान
• यदि संभव हो तो अपनी गेटअवे किट को अपने साथ ले लें। अपनी किट या सामान उठाने के लिए जोखिम वाले क्षेत्रों में न जाएं।
• अपने पालतू पशुओं को साथ ले लें यदि आप सुरक्षित रूप से ऐसा कर सकें।
• तुरंत जितना हो सके नजदीक की सबसे ऊंची भूमि की ओर जाएं, या तट से दूर आंतरिक क्षेत्र में पहुंचें। यदि स्थामन खाली करके बाहर जाने नक्शा  मौजूद है, तो दिखाए गए मार्गों का अनुसरण करें।
• यदि संभव हो तो पैदल या साइकिल से जाएं और यदि बहुत जरूरी हो तभी गाड़ी चलाएं। यदि ड्राइविंग करते हुए आप स्थांन खाली कराए जाने वाले क्षेत्र से सुरक्षित बाहर निकल जाते हैं तो अपने पीछे आने वालों को जगह देने के लिए चलना जारी रखें।
• यदि आप सुनामी से बच कर भाग नहीं सकें, तो किसी मजबूत इमारत की ऊपरी मंजिल पर या छत पर या पेड़ के ऊपर चढ़ जाएं, या तैरती वस्तु  को पक,ड़ ले और सहायता पहुंचने तक लगातार मजबूती से पकड़े रहें।
• नौकाएं तट की अपेक्षा आमतौर पर 20 मीटर से अधिक गहरे पानी में अधिक सुरक्षित होती हैं। नाव को समुद्र में ले जायें जब इसके लिए समय हो और ऐसा करना सुरक्षित हो।
• सुनामी देखने के लिए कभी भी किनारे पर मत जाएं। जोखिम वाले क्षेत्रों से तब तक दूर रहें जब तक खतरा पूरी तरह टलने की आधिकारिक चेतावनी न जारी कर दी जाए।
• अपने स्थावनीय रेडियो केन्द्रों  को सुनें जहां आपातस्थिति प्रबंधन कर्मचारी, आपके समुदाय और परिस्थिति के लिए सबसे उपयुक्तण सलाह जारी करेंगे।
सुनामी आने के बाद
• नागरिक प्रतिरक्षा सलाह के लिए लगातार रेडियो को सुने और तब तक खाली किए गये क्षेत्र में वापस न जाएं जब तक खतरा पूरी तरह टलने की आधिकारिक चेतावनी न जारी कर दी जाए।
• सावधान रहें क्योंाकि एक से अधिक लहरें हो सकती हैं और यह 24 घंटे या अधिक समय तक सुरक्षित नहीं भी हो सकता है। पहली लहर के बाद में आने वाली लहरें और बड़ी हो सकती हैं।
• यदि चोट लगी हो तो अपनी जांच करें और जरूरी हो तो प्राथमिक चिकित्साख प्राप्तट करें। दूसरों की मदद करें यदि आप ऐसा कर सकें।
• इसके दृश्यी देखने मत जाएं।
• जब घरों या भवनों में पुन: प्रवेश करें, तो अत्यलन्त् सावधानी बरतें क्यों कि बाढ़ का पानी भवनों को क्षतिग्रस्तन कर चुका हो सकता है। उपयोगी सुविधाओं की टूटी लाईनों की जांच करें और समुचित प्राधिकारियों को इसकी रिपोर्ट करें।
• यदि आपकी संपत्ति नष्टक हो गई हो, तो बीमा उद्देश्योंो के लिए इसका विवरण लिखें और फोटो खींच लें। यदि आपकी सम्पभत्ति किराए की है, तो जितनी जल्दीई संभव हो सके अपने मकान-मालिक से सम्पतर्क करें और अपनी संबंधित बीमा कंपनी से सम्पीर्क करें।

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Hug Them In Real.. !!

SHUBHENDU TRIPATHI

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Thy ham tanha, hame mai-khane le aayi,
Saaki ne toh aur bhi julam dhaya ham par,
Ke chhalak gaya paimana, aisi aankhiyon se pilayi … 

Koshish karo koi apse na ruthe
zindgi me apno ka sath na chhute zindgi me,
Rishta koi bhi ho use aise nibhao
ke us rishte ki dor zindgi bhar na tute.

Kaash khushiyon ki bhi koi dukan hoti
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   ho mat udas har dukh ka ilaj h dosti 

     mene to dosti ko h khuda mana kyoki

har pal har jagah h dosti

   Kaash khushiyon ki bhi koi dukan hoti

us dukan me teri pahchan hoti

        kharid lete har us cheez ko jo tumhe pasand ho

          bhale hi us cheez ki kimat hamari jaan hoti

Warning:
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Upar wala apko.

Lalu ki akal.
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Mulayam ki jawani.
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Atal ki chal de.
Ab bhula ke dekho.

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to dil ke dard aansu ban kar beh jate hain...

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wo kyun alvidaa keh jaate hain.

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